upon the morning following the successful sortie not an enemy could be seen from the walls. swift runners were sent out, and these returned in two hours with news that the enemy were in full retreat towards their capital. the people of abeokuta were half wild with exultation and joy, and their gratitude to their white allies was unbounded. mr. goodenough begged them not to lose an hour in burying their slain enemies, and the entire population were engaged for the two following days upon this necessary but revolting duty. the dead were counted as they were placed in the great pits dug for their reception, and it was found that no fewer than three thousand of the enemy had fallen.
mr. goodenough also advised the abeokutans to erect flanking towers at short intervals round their walls, to dig a moat twenty feet wide and eight deep at a few yards from their foot, and to turn into it the water from the river in order that any future attack might be more easily repelled.
the inhabitants were poor, but they would willingly have presented all their treasures to their white allies. mr. goodenough, however, would accept nothing save a few specimens of native cloth exquisitely woven from the inner barks of the trees, and some other specimens of choice native workmanship. he also begged them to send down to the coast by the first opportunity the cases of specimens which had been collected since the departure of the fans.
a violent attack of fever, brought on by their exertions in the sun, prostrated both the white travelers a few days after the termination of the siege, and it was some weeks before they were able to renew their journey. their intention was to ascend the river for some distance, to move westward into upper ashanti, and then to make their way to coomassie, whence they would journey down to cape coast and there take ship for england. as soon as they were able to travel they took leave of their friends at abeokuta, who furnished them with carriers for their cases and hammock bearers for their journey as far as the volta. this lasted for a fortnight through an open and fertile country. then they crossed the river and entered ashanti, the great rival empire of dahomey. as ashanti was at peace with england they had now no fear of molestation on their journey.
ashanti consisted of five or six kingdoms, all of which had been conquered, and were tributary to it. the empire of ashanti was separated by the river prah from the country of the fantis, who lived under british protection. the people drew their supplies from various points on the coast, principally, however, through elmina, a dutch settlement, five miles to the west of cape coast. the ashantis could not be called peaceable neighbors. they, like the dahomans, delighted in human sacrifices upon a grand scale, and to carry these out captives must be taken. consequently every four or five years, on some pretext or other, they cross the prah, destroyed the villages, dragged away the people to slavery or death, and carried fire and sword up to the very walls of the english fort at cape coast. sometimes the english confined themselves to remonstrance, sometimes fought, not always successfully, as upon one occasion sir charles macarthy, the governor, with a west indian regiment was utterly defeated, the governor himself and all his white officers, except three, being killed.
in 1828 we aided the fantis to defeat the ashantis in a decisive battle, the consequence of which was the signature of a treaty, by which the king of ashanti recognized the independence of all the fanti tribes. in 1844, and again in 1852, a regular protectorate was arranged between the british and the fantis, the former undertaking to protect them from enemies beyond the borders, and in turn exercising an authority over the fantis, forbidding them to make war with each other, and imposing a nominal tribute upon them.
in 1853 the ashantis again crossed the prah, but, being met with firmness, retired again. after ten years' quiet, in 1863 they again invaded the country, burnt thirty villages, and slaughtered their inhabitants. governor price then urged upon the home authorities the necessity for the sending out from england of two thousand troops to aid the native army in striking a heavy blow at the ashantis, and so putting a stop to this constant aggression. the english government, however, refused to entertain the proposal. in order to encourage the natives some companies of west indian troops were marched up to the prah. the wet season set in, and, after suffering terribly from sickness, the survivors returned five months later to cape coast.
up to this period the dutch trading ports and forts upon the coast were interspersed with ours, and as the tribes in their neighborhood were under dutch protection constant troubles were arising between the dutch tribes and our own, and in 1867 an exchange was effected, the dutch ceding all their forts and territory east of the sweet river, a small stream which falls into the sea midway between cape coast and elmina, while we gave up all our forts to the west of this stream. similarly the protectorate of the tribes inland up to the boundary of the ashanti kingdom changed hands. the natives were not consulted as to this treaty, and some of those formerly under british protection, especially the natives of commendah, refused to accept the transfer, and beat off with loss the dutch troops who attempted to land. the dutch men of war bombarded and destroyed commendah.
this step was the commencement of fresh troubles between the ashantis and the english. the commendah people were fantis, and as such the implacable enemies of the elmina people, who had under dutch protection been always allies of the ashantis, and had been mainly instrumental in supplying them with arms and ammunition. the fantis, regarding the elmina natives and the dutch as one power, retaliated for the destruction of commendah by invading the territory of the elmina tribe, destroying their villages and blockading the dutch in their port. another reason for this attack upon the elminas was that an ashanti general, named atjempon, had marched with several hundred men through the fanti country, burning, destroying, and slaying as usual, and had taken refuge with his men in elmina. from this time the desultory war between the elminas and their ashanti allies, and the fantis of the neighborhood had never ceased. our influence over our allies was but small, for we in vain endeavored to persuade them to give up the invasion of elmina. we even cut off the supplies of powder and arms to the fantis, whose loyalty to our rule was thereby much shaken.
all these troubles induced the dutch to come to the decision to withdraw altogether, and they accordingly offered to transfer all their possessions to us. the english government determined not to accept the transfer if it should lead to troubles with the natives, and as a first step required that the ashanti force should leave elmina. in 1870 the king of ashanti wrote to us claiming elmina as his, and protesting against its being handed over to us. according to native ideas the king of ashanti's claim was a just one. the land upon which all the forts, english, dutch, danish, and french, were built had been originally acquired from the native chiefs at a fixed annual tribute, or as we regarded it as rent, or as an annual present in return for friendly relations. by the native customs he who conquers a chief entitled to such a payment becomes the heir of that payment, and one time the king of ashanti upon the strength of his conquest of the fantis set up a claim of proprietorship over cape coast and the other british forts.
of a similar nature was the claim of the ashantis upon elmina. the dutch had paid eighty pounds a year, as they asserted, as a present, and they proved conclusively that they had never regarded the king of ashanti as having sovereignty over their forts, and that he had never advanced such a claim. they now arrested atjempon, and refused to pay a further sum to the king of ashanti until he withdrew his claim. in order to settle matters amicably they sent an envoy to coomassie with presents for the king, and obtained from him a repudiation of his former letter, and a solemn acknowledgment that the money was not paid as a tribute. the king sent down two ambassadors to elmina, who solemnly ratified this declaration.
the transfer was then effected. we purchased from the dutch their forts and stores, but the people of elmina were told that we should not take possession of the place except with their consent; but it was pointed out to them that if they refused to accept our protection they would be exposed as before to the hostility of the fantis. they agreed to accept our offer, and on the 4th of april, 1872, a grand council was hold, the king and chiefs of elmina announced the agreement of their people to the transfer, and we took possession of elmina, atjempon and the ashantis returning to their own country.
upon the transfer taking place, mr. pope hennessey, the governor of the colony, sent to the king of ashanti saying that the english desired peace and friendship with the natives, and would give an annual present, double that which he had received from the dutch. at the same time negotiations were going on with the king for the free passage of ashanti traders to the coast, and for the release of four germans who had been carried off ten years before by aboo boffoo, one of the king's generals, from their mission station on british territory near the volta. the king wrote saying that aboo boffoo would not give them up without a ransom of eighteen hundred ounces of gold, and protracted negotiations went on concerning the payments of these sums.
at the time when mr. goodenough and frank had landed on the gaboon, early in 1872, nothing was known of any anticipated troubles with ashanti. the negotiations between the english and the dutch were in progress, but they had heard that the english would not take over elmina without the consent of the inhabitants, and that they would be willing to increase the payment made by the dutch to the king of ashanti. it was known too that efforts would be made to settle all points of difference with the king; and as at abeokuta they received news that the negotiations were going on satisfactorily, and that there was no prospect whatever of trouble, they did not hesitate to carry out the plans they had formed.
before crossing the volta, they sent across to inquire of the chief of the town there whether two english travelers would be allowed to pass through ashanti, and were delayed for a fortnight until a messenger was sent to coomassie and returned with a letter, saying that the king would be glad to see white men at his capital. with this assurance they crossed the stream. they were received in state by the chief, who at once provided them with the necessary carriers, and with them a guard, which he said would prevent any trouble on their way. on the following day they started, and after arriving, at the end of a day's journey, at a village, prepared to stop as usual for a day or two to add to their collection. the officer of the guard, however, explained to them through bacon, who spoke the ashanti language, that his instructions were, that they were to go straight through to coomassie. in vain mr. goodenough protested that this would entirely defeat the object of his journey. the officer was firm. his orders were that they were to travel straight to coomassie, and if he failed in carrying these out, his head would assuredly be forfeited.
“this is serious, frank,” mr. goodenough said. “if this fellow has not blundered about his orders, it is clear that we are prisoners. however, it may be that the king merely gave a direction that we should be escorted to the capital, having no idea that we should want to loiter upon the way.”
they now proceeded steadily forward, making long day's marches. the officer in command of the guard was most civil, obtaining for them an abundance of provisions at the villages at which they stopped, and as frank and his companion were both weakened by fever he enlisted sufficient hammock bearers for them, taking fresh relays from each village. he would not hear of their paying either for provisions or bearers, saying that they were the king's guests, and it would be an insult to him were they to pay for anything.
ten days after starting from the volta they entered coomassie. this town lay on rising ground, surrounded by a deep marsh of from forty to a hundred yards wide. a messenger had been sent on in front to announce their coming, and after crossing the marsh they passed under a great fetish, or spell, consisting of a dead sheep wrapped up in red silk and suspended from two poles.
mr. goodenough and frank took their places at the head of the little procession. on entering the town they were met by a crowd of at least five thousand people, for the most part warriors, who fired their guns, shouted, and yelled. horns, drums, rattles, and gongs added to the appalling noise. men with flags performed wild dances, in which the warriors joined. the dress of the captains consisted of war caps with gilded rams' horns projecting in front, and immense plumes of eagles' feathers on each side. their vest was of red cloth, covered with fetishes and charms in cases of gold, silver, and embroidery. these were interspersed with the horns and tails of animals, small brass bells, and shells. they wore loose cotton trousers, with great boots of dull red leather coming halfway up to the thigh, and fastened by small chains to their waist belts, also ornamented with bells, horse tails, strings of amulets, and strips of colored leather. long leopards' tails hung down their backs.
through this crowd the party moved forward slowly, the throng thickening at every step. they were escorted to a house which they were told was set aside for their use, and that they would be allowed to see the king on the following day. the houses differed entirely from anything which they had before seen in africa. they were built of red clay, plastered perfectly smooth. there were no windows or openings on the exterior, but the door led into an open courtyard of some twelve feet in diameter. on each side of this was a sort of alcove, built up of clay, about three feet from the ground. this formed a couch or seat, some eight feet long by three feet high, with a thatched roof projecting so as to prevent the rain beating into the alcove. beyond were one or more similar courts in proportion to the size of the house. a sheep and a quantity of vegetables and fruits were sent in in the course of the day, but they were told not to show themselves in the streets until they had seen the king.
“we shall be expected to make his majesty a handsome present,” mr. goodenough said, “and, unfortunately, our stores were not intended for so great a potentate. i will give him my double barreled rifle and your winchester, frank. i do not suppose he has seen such an arm. we had better get them cleaned up and polished so as to look as handsome as possible.”
in the morning one of the captains came and said that the king was in readiness to receive them, and they made their way through a vast crowd to the marketplace, an open area, nearly half a mile in extent. the sun was shining brightly, and the scene was a brilliant one. the king, his caboceers or great tributaries, his captains, and officers were seated under a vast number of huge umbrellas, some of them fifteen feet across. these were of scarlet, yellow, and other showy colors in silks and cloths, with fantastically scalloped and fringed valences. they were surmounted with crescents, birds, elephants, barrels, and swords of gold, and on some were couched stuffed animals. innumerable smaller umbrellas of striped stuff were borne by the crowd, and all these were waved up and down, while a vast number of flutes, horns and other musical instruments sounded in the air. all the principal people wore robes woven of foreign silk, which had been unraveled for working into native patterns. all had golden necklaces and bracelets, in many cases so heavy that the arms of the bearers were supported on boys' heads. the whole crowd, many thousands in number, shone with gold, silver, and bright colors.
the king received them with dignity, and expressed his satisfaction at seeing them, his speech being interpreted by one of his attendants, who spoke english. mr. goodenough replied that they had very great pleasure in visiting the court of his majesty, that they had already been traveling for many months in africa, having started from the gaboon and traveled through many tribes, but had they had any idea of visiting so great a king they would have provided themselves with presents fit for his acceptance. but they were simple travelers, catching the birds, beasts, and insects of the country, to take home with them to show to the people in england. the only things which they could offer him were a double barreled breech loading rifle of the best english construction, and a little gun, which would fire sixteen times without loading.
the king examined the pieces with great attention, and, at his request, mr. goodenough fired off the whole contents of the magazine of the repeating rifle, whose action caused the greatest astonishment to the assembled chiefs. the king then intimated his acceptance of the presents, and said that he would speak farther with them on a future occasion. he informed them that they were free to move about in the town where they wished, and that the greatest respect would be shown to them by the people. there was a fresh outburst of wild music, and they were then conducted back to their house.
after the assembly had dispersed the two englishmen walked about through the town. it was not of great extent, but the streets were broad and well kept. many of the houses were much larger than that allotted to them, but all were built on the same plan. it was evident that the great mass of the population they saw about must live in villages scattered around, the town being wholly insufficient to contain them.
three days afterwards they were told that the king wished to see them in his palace. this was a large building situated at the extremity of the town. it was constructed of stone, and was evidently built from european designs. it was square, with a flat roof and embattled parapet. they were conducted through the gateway into a large courtyard, and then into a hall where the king sat upon a raised throne. attendants stood round fanning him.
“why,” he asked abruptly as they took their places before him, “do the english take my town of elmina?”
mr. goodenough explained that he had been nine months absent from the coast, and that having come straight out from england he was altogether unaware of what had happened at elmina.
“elmina is mine,” the king said. “the dutch, who were my tributaries, had no right to hand it over to the english.”
“but i understood, your majesty, that the english were ready to pay an annual sum, even larger than that which the dutch have contributed.”
“i do not want money,” the king said. “i have gold in plenty. there are places in my dominions where ten men in a day can wash a thousand ounces. i want elmina, i want to trade with the coast.”
“but the english will give your majesty every facility for trade.”
“but suppose we quarrel,” the king said, “they can stop powder and guns from coming up. if elmina were mine i could bring up guns and powder at all times.”
“your majesty would be no better off,” mr. goodenough said; “for the english in case of war could stop supplies from entering.”
“my people will drive them into the sea,” the king said. “we have been troubled with them too long. they can make guns, but they cannot fight. my people will eat them up. we fought them before; and see,” he said pointing to a great drum, from the edge of which hung a dozen human skulls, “the heads of the white men serve to make a fetish for me.”
he then waved his hand to signify that the audience was terminated.
“things look bad, frank,” mr. goodenough said as they walked towards their home. “i fear that the king is determined upon war, and if so our lives are not worth a month's purchase.”
“it can't be helped,” frank said as cheerfully as he could. “we must make the best of it. perhaps something may occur to improve our position.”
the next day the four german missionaries, who had so long been kept captive, called upon them, and they obtained a full insight into the position. this seemed more hopeful than the king's words had given them to expect. the missionaries said that negotiations were going on for their release, and that they expected very shortly to be sent down to cape coast. so far as they knew everything was being done by the english to satisfy the king, and they looked upon the establishment of peace as certain. they described the horrible rites and sacrifices which they had been compelled to witness, and said that at least three thousand persons were slaughtered annually in coomassie.
“you noticed,” one of them said, “the great tree in the marketplace under which the king sat. that is the great fetish tree. a great many victims are sacrificed in the palace itself, but the wholesale slaughters take place there. the high brushwood comes up to within twenty yards of it, and if you turn in there you will see thousands of dead bodies or their remains putrefying together.”
“i thought i felt a horribly offensive smell as i was talking to the king,” frank said shuddering. “what monsters these people must be! who would have thought that all that show of gold and silver and silks and bright colors covered such horrible barbarism!”
after chatting for some time longer, and offering to do anything in their power to assist the captives, the germans took their leave.
