half-an-hour's railway journey brings me to the quaint little town of montbéliard in the department of le doubs, whose friends' friends give me hearty welcome, and i feel in an hour as much at home as if i had known it all my life. my friends had procured me a little lodging, rather, i should say, a magnificent appartement, consisting of spacious sitting and bedroom, for which i pay one franc a-day. it must not be supposed that montbéliard is wanting in elegancies, or that the march of refinement is not found here. the fact is, the character of the people is essentially amiable, accommodating, and disinterested, and it never enters into their heads to ask more for their wares, simply because they could get it, or to make capital out of strangers. a franc a day is what is paid in these parts by lodgers, chiefly officers, and no more would be asked of the wealthiest or unwariest. you find the same spirit animating all classes, tradesmen, hotel-keepers, and others, and doubtless this is to be traced to several causes. in the first place, montbéliard is one of the most enlightened, best educated, and most protestant départements of all france. le doubs, part of the ancient franche-comté, is so protestant, indeed, that in some towns and villages the catholics are considerably in the minority, as is even the case still at montbéliard.
so late as the french revolution, the comté of this name belonged to würtemberg, having passed over to that house by marriage in the fourteenth century. in 1792, however, it became amalgamated with the french kingdom, and fortunately escaped annexation in the last franco-german war. protestantism early took root here, the anabaptist doctrine especially, and in the present day montbéliard numbers several protestant and only one catholic church; the former belonging severally to the reformed church, the lutheran, anabaptists, also two or three so-called oratoires, or chapels of ease, built and supported by private individuals. we find here the tables strangely turned, and in france the unique spectacle of four protestant pastors to one catholic priest! at one time the protestant body numbered two-thirds of the entire population, now the proportion is somewhat less. this still strong protestant leaven, and the long infiltration of german manners and customs has doubtless greatly modified the character of the inhabitants, who, whether belonging to the one denomination or the other, live side by side harmoniously.
we find a toleration here absolutely unknown in most parts of france, and a generally diffused enlightenment equally wanting where catholicism dominates. brittany and franche-comté (including the departments of le doubs, haute sa?ne, and jura), offer a striking contrast; in the first we find the priest absolute, and consequently superstition, ignorance, dirt, and prejudice the prevailing order of the day; in the last we have a protestant spirit of inquiry and rationalistic progress, consequently instruction making vast strides on every side, freedom from bigotry, and freedom alike from degrading spiritual bondage and fanaticism.
in the highly instructive map published by the french minister of instruction, franche-comté is marked white and brittany black, thus denoting the antipodes of intellectual enlightenment and darkness to be found in the two countries. here, indeed, we find ourselves in a wholly different world, so utterly has a spirit of inquiry revolutionized eastern france, so long has her western province been held in the grip of the priest. furthermore, we have evidence of the zeal animating all classes with respect to education on every side, whilst it is quite delightful to converse with a montbéliardais, no matter to which sect he belongs, so unprejudiced, instructed, and liberal-minded are these citizens of a town neither particularly important, flourishing, nor fortunate. for nine months montbéliard had to support the presence of the enemy, and though the prussian soldiery behaved very well here, the amiable, lively little town was almost ruined.
it is no less patriotic than enlightened; republican ideas being as firmly implanted here as any where in france. you see portraits of m. thiers and gambetta everywhere, and only good republican journals on the booksellers' stalls. it would be interesting to know how many copies of the half-penny issue of la république fran?aise are sold here daily; and whereas in certain parts of france the women read nothing except the semaine religieuse and the petit journal, here they read the high-class newspapers, reviews, and are conversant with what is going on in the political and literary world at home and abroad. indeed, the contrast is amazing between female education, so called, in ultra-catholic and ultra-protestant france. in brittany, where the young ladies are educated by the nuns, you never see or hear of a book. the very name of literature is a dead letter, and the upper classes are no better instructed than the lower. in franche-comté, girls of all ranks are well educated, young ladies of fortune going in for their brevet, or certificate, as well as those who have their bread to win. they are often familiar with the german and english languages, and above all are thoroughly conversant with their own literature, as well as book-keeping, arithmetic, french history, elementary science, &c.
this little town of eight thousand inhabitants possesses an intellectual atmosphere in which it is possible to breathe. wherever you go you find books in plenty and of the best kind, and this difference is especially noteworthy among women. i find the young ladies of montbéliard as familiar with the works of currer bell and mrs. gaskell as among ourselves. miss yonge is also a favourite, and unlike a large class of novel-readers in england, standard works are not neglected by them for fiction. no matter at what time you enter the public library here, you are sure to find ladies of all ages coming to change their books, the contents of this library, be it remembered, consisting chiefly of french classics. the mingled homeliness, diffusion of intelligence and aesthetic culture seen here, remind me of certain little german cities and towns. people living on very modest means find money for books, whereas in certain parts of france no such expenditure is ever thought of, whilst dress and outward show are much less considered.
naturally, this diffusion of culture raises the tone of conversation and society generally, and its influence is seen in various ways. music is cultivated assiduously, not only by women of the better ranks, but by both sexes of all, especially among the work-people. the musical society of montbéliard consists of a very respectable orchestra indeed, and is composed of amateurs, mostly young men, recruited from the working as well as middle classes. this society gives open-air concerts on sunday afternoons, and one evening in the week, to the great delectation of the multitude, who upon these occasions turn out of doors en masse to enjoy the music and the company of their neighbours. the "société d'émulation" is another instance of the stimulus given to scientific, literary, and artistic pursuits by a protestant spirit of inquiry. this society was founded in 1852 by a few savants, in order to develope the public taste for science, art, and letters.
it now numbers two hundred and forty-three members, and has been instrumental in founding a museum containing upwards of eighty thousand archaeological specimens, besides botanical, and geological, and other collections. it is particularly rich in this first respect, few provincial museums having such complete illustrations of the pre-historic and also gallo-roman periods. the flint, bronze, and iron epochs are here largely represented, some of the large leaf-shaped flint instruments being particularly beautiful specimens. the excavations at mandeure—a short drive from montbéliard—the epomanduoduum of the romans—have afforded a precious collection of interesting objects, pottery, small bronze groups of figures, ornaments, terra-cottas, &c.; at mandeure are to be seen the ruins of the ancient city, amphitheatre, baths, tombs, the vestiges of a temple, and other remains; but excavations are still going on under the direction of the learned president of the "société d'émulation," m. fabre, and further treasure-trove is looked for.
this charming little museum, so tastefully arranged in the old halles, by m. fabre, is open on sunday afternoon on payment of two sous, but in order to promote a love of science among the young, schools are admitted gratuitously, and within the last ten weeks of summer thirty-nine teachers, and seven hundred and forty-eight pupils of both sexes, had availed themselves of the privilege. during the prussian occupation in 1870-71, a sum of 323,950 francs was exacted from the town, and the museum and library, after being valued at a considerable sum, were seized as pledges of payment. seals were set on the collections, and prussian soldiery guarded the treasures which had been collected with so much zeal and sacrifice. the sum was not paid, but the library and museum were not forfeited, to the satisfaction of all.
there is a charming little theatre also at the back of the h?tel-de-ville, where occasional representations by good parisian companies are given. the decorations are by the hand of one of the artists who decorated the grand opera in paris. he happened to be at montbéliard, and, taking a kindly interest in the town, offered to do it for a nominal price. years passed and the promise was forgotten, but, on being reminded of it, the artist, with true french chivalry, redeemed his word, and the decorations of the montbéliard theatre are really a magnificent monument of artistic liberality. montbéliard is as sociable as it is advanced, and one introductory letter from a native of the friendly little town, long since settled in paris, opened all hearts to me. everyone is helpful, agreeable, and charming. my evenings are always spent at one pleasant house or another, where music, tea, and conversation lend wings to the cheerful hours. the custom of keeping the veillée, familiar to readers of the gifted franc-comtois writer, charles nodier, is common here among all classes, people quitting their homes after their early supper—for, according to german habit, we dine at noon and sup at seven here—to enjoy the society of their neighbours.
delightful recollections did i carry away of many a veillée, and of one in particular, where a dozen friends and their english guest assembled in the summer-house of a suburban garden, there to discuss art, music, literature, and politics, over ices and other good things despatched from the town. we had looked forward to a superb moonlight night with poetic effects of river, chateau, and bridges flooded in silvery light—we had torrents of rain instead, being threatened with what is a phenomenon of no rare occurrence here, namely, an inundation. situated on the confluence of two rivers, the allaine and the lusine, montbéliard is a quaint, and homely little venice in miniature, sure to be flooded once or twice a year, when people have to pay visits and carry on their daily avocation in miniature gondolas.
it takes, however, more than minor misfortunes such as these to damp french geniality and good nature, and when our soirée came to an end, everyone returned home well fortified with umbrellas, cloaks, and goloshes in the best possible humour. sometimes these veillées will be devoted to declamation and story-telling, one or two of the party reading aloud a play or poem, or reciting for the benefit of the rest. in the bitter winter nights this sociable custom is not laid aside, even ladies with their lanterns braving the snow in order to enjoy a little society. music is the chief out-of-door recreation during the summer months, the military band of the garrison largely contributing to the general amusement.
it is astonishing how french good-humour and light-heartedness help to lighten the hardest lot! we find the hours of toil enormously long here, and economies practised among the better classes of which few english people have any conception. yet life is made the best of, and everything in the shape of a distraction is seized upon with avidity. although eminently a protestant town, shops are open all day long on sundays, when more business seems to be done than at any other time. the shutters are no sooner put up, however, than everyone goes out for a walk or a visit, and gets as much enjoyment as he can.
only the rich and exceeding well-to-do people keep servants, others content themselves with a charwoman who comes in for two hours a day, and is paid ten or twelve francs a month, many ladies, by birth and education, living on small means, doing all the lighter household work, marketing, &c., themselves, whilst the small shopkeeping class, who with us must invariably have a wretched drudge, called a maid-of-all-work, never dream of getting anyone to cook or clean for them. as a matter of course, all this is done by the family, no matter how well educated may be its members. we must always bear in mind that the general well-being and easy circumstances of the french middle classes is greatly owing to their freedom from shams. toil is not regarded as a degradation, and the hateful word "gentility" is not found in their vocabulary. thus it comes about that you find a mixture of homeliness, comfort, and solidity of fortune, rarely the case in england. take my landlady as an example, a charming person, who keeps a straw-hat and umbrella shop, whose sister is a repasseuse, or clear-starcher, and whose married brother has also a hat-shop next door. these people do all the work that is to be done themselves, yet in similar circumstances in england would be sure to have maids-of-all-work, nursery-maids, and the rest of it. they have plenty of good furniture, supplies of household and personal linen that would set up a shop, and the children of the brother receive the best possible education he can obtain for them. the elder girl has just returned from belfort with her first diploma, and is to be sent to germany to learn german. she has, nevertheless, acquired a knowledge of what all women should know, can cook, clean, cut out and make clothes, &c., and, when she becomes herself a wife and mother, will doubtless exercise all these accomplishments in order to give her children as good an education as she possesses herself. all the family have laid by ample savings.
more might be said about the easy intercourse and geniality of this little town, did space permit. i will pass on to add that though extremely picturesque, with its flower-gardens running down to the water's edge, tiny bridges, hanging roofs, curling rivers, and lastly circling green hills and superb old chateau crowning all, there is little here to detain the tourist. the case is very different with those travellers who are bent upon studying french life under its various aspects, for they will find at montbéliard a wholly new phase. much in domestic life reminds us of south germany, yet no place is more eminently french. the type of physiognomy is frank and animated, fair, and even red hair is common, whilst the stature is above the average, and the general physique gives an idea of strength, character, and health. the montbéliardins are courteous, but proud and prone rather to bestow than accept favours. amiability and real goodness of heart especially characterize them.
as a seat of some special manufactures, musical-boxes and clocks being among the chief, it possesses importance; there are also cotton mills, tanneries, foundries, &c. the fabrication of clocks by machinery is a curious process, the precision and apparent intelligence of the machines being as agreeable to contemplate as the reverse is humiliating: namely, the spectacle of men, women, and children being converted into automatons by unremitting mechanical labour. the length of the day's work here is prodigious, consisting of twelve sometimes fourteen hours, and the occupation extremely unwholesome, owing to the smell of the oil and the perpetual noise of machinery. the pay is low, beginning at three francs and reaching to four or four and a half a day. we may blame the artizan class for improvidence, insobriety, and many other failings, but none who calmly compare the life of a clock-maker, for instance, condemned to spend twelve hours of the twenty-four in this laborious, unwholesome, and ill-remunerated labour, with that of the better classes, can wonder at his discontent. if he seeks to better his position by means of strikes, socialistic schemes, or other violent means, at least we must grant that it is only natural, till some other should offer themselves.
it is to be hoped that the hours of labour will soon be shortened in a part of france so advanced in other respects, and meantime artizans here are better off than elsewhere. all round the town you find so-called cités ouvrières, built on the model of those of mulhouse; little streets of cheerful cottages, each with its bit of flower and vegetable-garden, where at least the workman has something to call a home after his day's labour. these artizan quarters are well or ill-kept, of course, according to the thrift or slovenliness of the tenants; some are charming, but at their worst they are a vast improvement upon the close, ill-ventilated quarters to be found in towns. they are also much cheaper, about ￡5 a year being charged for both house and garden, whereas, even in a little town like montbéliard, accommodation is dear and difficult to be had. in fact, without these villages the question of house-room would be as much of a problem here for the workman as among our own rural population; no doubt the heads of firms who have built cheerful and ornamental little rows of english-like cottages for their workpeople were actuated at the same time chiefly by philanthropic motives, but they found it absolutely necessary to take some steps in the matter.
various efforts are being made to raise the status of the mechanic by means of lectures, reading-rooms, and recreation, but, whilst the hours of labour remain what we find them, little good can be effected. a devoted lady, who has spent her whole life in her native town, has done much for the female part of the manufacturing population by means of free night-schools, free library, chiefly for the young, sunday afternoon classes for the teaching of cutting-out and needle-work, and recreation combined, gratuitous laundries, and other philanthropic schemes. these efforts of mademoiselle rosalie morel, a lay-woman, have been seconded by those of a protestant deaconess in another direction, the latter devoting herself to nursing and the teaching of hygiene and sanitary science. in the matter of cleanliness, therefore, these good people are not left in the dark as in benighted brittany, where dirt is not preached against as it ought to be in the pulpit. mademoiselle morel's free laundries, in other words a scheme set on foot for the purpose of teaching the poorest classes what clean linen should be, have doubtless effected much good, and on the whole cleanliness is the rule here, and the public hot and cold baths much frequented by all.
in spite, however, of the animation and bonhomie of this little town, there is a dark side to social life, and in the train of intemperance and unthrift among the manufacturing population, we find squalor and immorality. after several weeks' sojourn in that utopia of all socialistic dreamers—a land without a beggar!—i found myself here, once more, in the domains of mendicity, though it is not to be found to any great extent. the custom of putting out infants to nurse is, fortunately, unfrequent in these parts, and, as a natural consequence, infant mortality is not above the average. the cités ouvrières are to be thanked for this, and the nearness of the home to the factory enables the baby to be brought to its mother for nourishment, and in our visit to the clock manufactory before spoken of, we saw mothers nursing their infants on the spot. nearer paris, you constantly encounter infants three day's old being dispatched with their foster-mother into some country place, there to be brought up by hand, in other words, to die; but here it is not so. we find on a small scale at montbéliard that contrast between wealth and poverty seen in england, but wholly absent from the rural districts of france. the aristocracy of the place here is composed of the wealthy manufacturing class, and by little and little parisian luxuries are finding their way into this remote region. until within quite recent date, for instance, there was no such thing as a stand for hackney carriages here; now it has become the fashion to take drives in fine weather. in our walks and drives in the neighbourhood, we encounter handsome waggonettes and open carriages with a pair of horses, rarely seen in the purely agricultural districts.
in every way, habits of life have become modified by the rapid rise of a commercial aristocracy; and, as a natural consequence, we find much more social distinction than in those parts of france where no such class exists. yet a stranger, who should study french manners and customs for the first time, would find the principle of equality existing in a degree unknown in england. can anything be more absurd than the differences of rank that divide the population of our provincial towns? the same thing is seen in the country, where the clergyman holds aloof from the village doctor, the farmer from the shopkeeper, both these from the village schoolmaster, and where, indeed, everybody thinks himself better than his neighbour.
we have, in english provincial towns, schools for the professional classes, schools for the children of farmers, of wholesale shopkeepers, of small retail tradesmen; lastly, schools for the "people," and you no more expect to find a rich man's child attending the latter than a chimney-sweep's son at the grammar school. in french country towns all this is simplified by the école communale, at which boys and girls respectively, no matter what their parents' calling or means, receive precisely the same education; after the école communale, comes the collége, where a liberal education is afforded to boys, and pupils study for the examination of bachelier-ès-lettres et sciences, but are not prepared as at the lycées for the "doctorate-in-law." there is no other school here for primary instruction of both sexes but the communal school, protestant and catholic, whither all the children, rich and poor, patrician and prolétaire, go as a matter of course. the politeness of the french working-classes may be partly accounted for in the association of all ranks in early life. convent, or other schools, for young ladies, do not exist at montbéliard, and those who study for the first and second diploma are generally prepared at belfort and besan?on, where the examinations are held.
there is also here an école normale, training school for teachers; also a protestant training school, noted for its excellence. on the whole, for a town of eight thousand inhabitants, montbéliard must be considered rich in educational and intellectual resources.
much of the farming in these parts is tenant-farming on a fair scale, i.e., fifty to two or three hundred acres. in the case of small peasant properties, which, of course, exist also, the land is usually not divided on the death of the father, the eldest son purchasing the shares of his brothers and sisters. more on the subject of agriculture will be said further on, there being nothing particularly striking about the two tenant-farms i visited with friends in the immediate proximity of the town. the first, though not a model farm, is considered a good specimen of farming on a large scale, the size being two hundred and fifty acres, hired at a rental of fifty francs per hectare, or about a pound per acre. the premises are large and handsome, and cleanly, according to a french agricultural standard, and, as usual, with a large heap of manure drying up in the sun. here we found thirty-five splendid normandy and other cows, entirely kept for milking, the milk being all sent to montbéliard, with a small number of bullocks, horses and pigs. the land looks poor, and gives no evidence of scientific farming, though very few improvements are made, new agricultural methods and implements introduced, and thus the resources of the land developed. the farmer's wife and daughters were all hard at work, and the farmer busy with his men in the fields. close to the farm-house, which we found spacious and comfortable, is the handsome villa of the owner, who has thus an opportunity of seeing for himself how things go. if tenant-farming does not pay in england, it certainly can only do so in france by means of a laboriousness and economy of which we have hardly an idea. work, indeed, means one thing with us, and quite another with our french neighbour.
it is on market-day that the country folks and their wares are to be seen to the best advantage; and housekeepers supply themselves with butter, fruit, vegetables and haberdashery, all being very cheap; peaches sixpence a pound, melons two or three sous each, and so on in proportion. one fruit may puzzle strangers, it is the red berry of the cultivated service berry tree, and makes excellent preserve. in spite, however, of the low prices of garden and orchard produce, everyone complains that the cost of living has greatly risen even here since the war, and that many provisions are as dear as in paris. yet, as far as i can judge, montbéliard is still a place in which, if you cannot live on nothing a year, you can live on next to nothing, and not uncomfortably either.
and now, before turning "to fresh fields and pastures new," a word must be said about the illustrious name that will ever be linked with montbéliard. many a hasty traveller alights at the railway station for the purpose of seeing the noble monument of david d'angers, and the antiquated humble dwelling bearing the proud inscription:
"ici naquit george cuvier."
the bronze statue of the great anatomist stands out in bold relief before the h?tel-de-ville, the profile being turned towards the house in which he first saw the light, the full face fronting the large protestant church built in 1602, a century and a half before his birth. the proximity is a happy one, for was it not by virtue of protestantism, no matter how imperfectly manifested, that cuvier was enabled to pursue his inquiries with such magnificent results? two centuries before, he might, like galileo, have had to choose between martyrdom or scientific apostasy. the great montbéliardais—whose brain weighed more than that of any human being ever known—is represented with a pen in one hand, a scroll in the other, on which is drawn the anatomy of the human frame. he wears the long, full frock coat of the period, its ample folds having the effect of drapery. david d'angers has achieved no nobler work than this statue.
the college of montbéliard, called after its greatest citizen, was founded a few years ago, and is one of the first objects seen on quitting the railway station of the rue cuvier.
english tourists do not often turn aside from the swiss route to visit the quieter beauties of the department of the doubs, and residents here regret the absence of travellers, which, of course, tells upon the hotels. no one has a word to say in favour of anything we are likely to meet with on our journey throughout the length or breadth of franche comté. when it is as much of a recreation ground with us as switzerland, doubtless everything will change, but nothing daunted we pursue our journey. the only way to see this country to perfection is to hire a carriage for the day, and retain it as long as you please. the railway does not penetrate into the most picturesque regions, and the diligence is slow and inconvenient. accordingly, having had an itinerary written out for us by friends who had gone over every inch of the ground, mostly on foot, i set off with an enterprising lady, a native of these parts, for a few days' drive in the most romantic scenery of the doubs, southward of montbéliard, and in the direction of switzerland. so well is the road marked out for us that we want neither "joanne" nor "murray," and we have, moreover, procured the services of a coachman who has been familiarized with the country by thirty years' experience. thus far, therefore, we have nothing to desire but fine weather, which has been very rare since my arrival; tempests, showers, and downpours being the order of the day. however, choosing one morning of unusual promise, we start off at seven o'clock, prepared for the best or the worst; a description of the superb pine-forests and romantic valleys of the doubs being reserved for the next chapter.
