the battle of sobraon—the enemy defeated and driven across the river with enormous loss.
it has before been mentioned, that the sikh entrenchments presented to us a semicircular figure, the rear of their position resting on the re-entering sinuosity of the river. on the left of the enemy's works, a high parapet had been thrown up, and part of this front was protected by a nullah, with a steep bank acting as a counterscarp, and the bed of this watercourse was filled, in some places, by deep pools of stagnant water, which extended along the centre. on the right flank, the track of the nullah was but faintly marked; and in this[pg 224] quarter, the works had not been completed, and were not more formidable than the trenches at ferozeshuhur, before described. batteries were disposed along the face of the entrenchments, and the whole area had been defended with traverses and ditches, which defiladed the garrison from a direct fire, in any direction where our guns could be brought to attack. a raised battery of the enemy's heavy guns, placed at the bridge, commanded the approaches, and swept the whole works in reverse. guns were also placed on the opposite side of the river, which threatened the position, in case of its falling into the hands of the british.
the works were garrisoned principally by regular battalions of infantry, whose cantonments consisted of wicker-work huts, behind the parapet along the right.
the british forces advanced to envelop these works, one regiment being ordered to precede and carry the enemy's main picket at the point of the bayonet, when the mortars and howitzers, which were to be advanced to the front, were to open on the sikhs.
[pg 225]
the cavalry formed a wing on each flank of the british attack, to guard against any diversion which might be attempted by the enemy's cavalry, which swarmed in incalculable numbers near the fords on the opposite bank of the sutlej.
as we lay under arms on our allotted posts, every ear was intently listening, in expectation of the first boom from the mortars and howitzers, which were to announce the commencement of the work of death.
all awaited in silent and earnest attention the appointed signal, and scarcely the clash of a sabre could be heard which might convey to the enemy's pickets an alarm of the approach of the formidable host which were preparing to assail the doomed garrison. not even an expiring groan or shriek had been heard from the sikh advanced posts, which had been marked for destruction, and we were speculating whether the misty appearance round the horizon would be dispelled by the increasing light of day, when a flash from our batteries, succeeded by the roar of one of the monster howitzers, and the rushing sound of the hiss[pg 226]ing mass of iron hurled forth and bursting over the sikh entrenchments, was the long-expected herald of battle.
light flashed upon light in regular succession from the batteries, but the fuses of the shells were too short, and they burst high in the air, much to the enemy's comfort. the fire from the howitzers appeared to be more effectual, and we marked them bursting and ricochetting along the entrenchments. hitherto, not a shot had been returned by the sikhs, and we almost conjectured, owing to this unusual silence, that the enemy had either evacuated their position, or had lost heart, and resolved to retire. the heavy guns were limbered up, and advanced further to the front, and when daylight began to show with some distinctness the neighbouring objects, our batteries once more opened at a nearer range.
all doubt as to the sikhs being still in their works was soon cleared up, for no sooner had they felt the weight of our shot, and perceived we were in earnest, than a fierce reply of defiance was hurled from every battery, and the stunning[pg 227] roar of the rival artillery rolled in tremendous waves along the plain.
the dense clouds of smoke which enveloped the front of the contending armies, rolled thicker and thicker, penetrated by the angry and rapid flashes from the heavy guns; and as the destroying missiles hissed and ricochetted along the hard ground, it appeared wonderful that any were spared from the iron paths of devastation torn along the soil in almost every direction.
our mortars still continued to burst harmlessly in the air, and the sikh works were so well defiladed from direct or even ricochet fire, that it soon became evident that the enemy would never be driven from his position by a cannonade, which was answered with unabated vigour. the investing force was therefore ordered to advance to closer quarters, whilst the artillery, which was disposed in positions with each division, covered the approach by an incessant cannonade. the centre and right divisions of the british line were intended to engage the enemy's attention, whilst the real[pg 228] attack was directed against the sikhs' extreme right, where the entrenchments were known to be weakest, being incomplete. each brigade moved forwards with alacrity to the attack, hastening onwards, under cover of the wreaths of smoke which rolled along their front.
no sooner did the sikhs perceive that the storm of their works was resolved upon, than the whole of their infantry lined the parapets, and the roll of musketry which tore through our ranks, accompanied by the steady and regular booming of their guns from every battery along their position, seemed to threaten our army with ultimate destruction. struggling forward a few paces, and then lying down whilst the iron storm swept over them, each brigade continued to advance, including the centre and right, for the enemy's numbers were so great, that he was enabled to maintain the defence of his whole extensive front.
a rolling fire of musketry now burst from the line of british assailants, as they neared the object of attack in sadly diminished numbers, and with numerous breaks, caused by[pg 229] the obstinate and incessant storm of destruction poured from the sikh batteries and entrenchments.
on the british left the struggle was less fierce, for the sikhs had most unaccountably placed fewer numbers to defend their weakest points, and the fifth brigade of sir robert dick's division penetrated the enemy's works with trifling loss, thus taking the position in reverse. but, in the meantime, each brigade along the line had closed with the entrenchments, marking their advance by a crimsoned track of fallen soldiers upon the glacis, where the dead and wounded told an incontrovertible tale of the resolution with which sobraon had been defended.
on the left centre of the british attack, lieut.-col. franks, of the 10th foot, had led his regiment to within a distance of about one hundred and fifty yards of the entrenchments, when, reserving their fire, they rushed forwards, and bore down all opposition, driving before them the bundookcheras, and using the bayonet with a deadly effect, and such as served to re[pg 230]fute, for a second time, colonel michel's strictures on that incomparable weapon.[52] this advantage being gallantly seconded by every brigade in the division, placed the ultimate success of the day beyond a doubt, though it was purchased by the life of their leader, the gallant sir robert dick.
on the extreme right of the british attack, the enemy's works had been completed, and more resembled a fortification than a common field-work. the storm of this post had been assigned to sir harry smith's division, and to them were opposed the flower of the sikh army. the resolution with which it was defended was tragically proved by the mangled and shattered bodies of the assailants strewed along the front. twice had h.m. 31st regiment nearly surmounted the lofty parapets, when they were hurled back by the overpowering weight of the defenders, and reduced to the mere skeleton of a regiment;[53] but the[pg 231] gallant 50th rushed forwards in support of their old comrades; and these two regiments, conjointly, overcame every obstacle, and plunged amongst the masses of the enemy, where the conflict raged for a time with desperate ferocity.
one of the enemy's howitzers, served with incredible activity, committed dire havoc amongst the british ranks. lieut. smyth, of the 50th regiment, being on that flank, dashed forward with the remnant of his company to capture the obnoxious engine of destruction. when within a few yards' distance, the howitzer was trained upon the intrepid assailants, and discharged its murderous contents of grape-shot upon the devoted band.
the greater portion of the storming party, including their leader, were swept down by the fire; but the eight or nine men remaining untouched, rushed with irresistible fury on the foe; and the wounded officer, when he arose, found that the shattered remnant of his soldiers had bayoneted the artillerymen beside their howitzer, and repulsed the defenders, who ex[pg 232]ceeded their assailants by at least five to one. i consider this individual instance serves as an illustration of how the enemy were defeated on this as on previous occasions. when a small body of devoted soldiers, careless of life, resolved on victory, and united by the iron bands of discipline, are brought to bear on a portion of an enemy who want confidence in each other, the attack must be successful, although the loss sustained may be severe.
in the meantime, whilst the combat raged with unabated fury at the entrenchments, gen. gilbert's division, to whom was allotted the attack of the centre, had been exposed to the fire of the heaviest batteries, and a shower of musketry, which would have staggered and repulsed any but the hardiest british veterans. winning their way gradually, though occasionally wide gaps were torn through the line by the sweeping fire from the batteries and parapets, this gallant band at length surmounted the entrenchments, which were as formidable an obstacle as had fallen to any soldier's lot to carry during this campaign. when once[pg 233] within the works, and the mortal hand-to-hand conflict raged around, the result was no longer doubtful, although the obstinacy of the enemy's resistance promised a piteous bill of mortality in this division.
under general gilbert's command were the sirmoor battalion, which had joined the force at loodiana, and these fine little goorkhas gave evidence that they had not degenerated in military prowess since the memorable nepaulese war. the corps is composed of riflemen, carrying in their girdles a crooked knife, (termed a "kookery,") to give the coup-de-grace to the wounded, and they used the hideous instrument with unaccountable zeal against the sikhs. as they were known to possess relatives and connexions amongst the khalsa troops, it had been a matter of doubt with many that their hands would have been amongst the foremost in the field, but the battle-cry roused their hereditary ardour, and overcame every other consideration. their gallant leader, captain j. fisher, whose exploits with the rifle are well known to those[pg 234] who have been his companions in the hunting-fields of the dhoon,[54] had just surmounted the parapet, when he perceived a battery not sixty yards distant from him, which continued to gall the assailants with incessant rounds of grape. seizing a rifle from the hands of one of his goorkhas, fisher rested his arm on the parapet, and the next second pierced with a rifle-ball the artilleryman, who was about to apply the slow match to the touch-hole of a cannon. receiving the loaded rifles from the hands of the soldiers, who handed them up to their commander, he continued to deal rapid destruction amongst the sikh golundauze.
a party of sikh infantry, who were placed in defence of the battery, at last perceived the marksman, who was quickly silencing their cannon, and, pouring a volley in that direction, the gallant soldier rolled back amongst the corpses which strewed the exterior of the works.
the field of sobraon did not bear on its[pg 235] crimsoned surface a soldier more deeply regretted by all who knew him than the fallen chief of the sirmoor battalion.
the sikh breastworks had now been carried at several points, and the enemy fell back towards their second lines. slowly retreating towards the inner entrenchments, and yet holding their assailants in check whilst retiring, they now received a cross-fire from the left division of the british, which had gained their position by a flank attack, and with inconsiderable loss. a rolling and tremendous fire now opened along the whole victorious line of the british, which tore the sikh battalions with murderous effect, as their order became more compact from being compressed on each side. still, the enemy retired in creditable array, and showed a threatening front, whilst mown down by musketry, and charged by the 3rd light dragoons, which were led by sir joseph thackwell into the sikh entrenchments. forced backwards, step by step, towards the river, the foremost of the retreating enemy thronged upon the bridge of boats, which soon gave way[pg 236] under the inordinate weight, and left the fugitives to perish in the waters under the accumulated pressure of their wounded and drowning comrades. most of the sikh battalions, finding the bridge destroyed, entered the fords, still preserving their ranks to the very edge of the river; but the waters had risen considerably during the night, and the fords were nearly impracticable.
the banks of the sutlej were now lined by the whole force of our infantry; and the horse artillery having hastily taken up the most advantageous position which could be found for pouring destruction into the retiring army, the storm fell with merciless violence upon the fugitives, who were now struggling in one mighty, confused mass to reach the opposite shore. so large a mark as the enemy's commingled hordes presented, could scarcely be missed; and the round shot, musketry and shrapnel, which swept the surface of the river with deadly precision, soon converted the greater portion of the sikh army into a hideous and straggling wreck of humanity.
[pg 237]
the sluggish waters of the sutlej, clogged with human carcases, swelled and foamed over wounded and unwounded, locked in the struggling embrace of mortal peril, and bore them slowly onwards to destruction, making room for succeeding crowds destined to share a similar fate. the scattered remnants of the battalions which had defended the entrenchments of sobraon with such gallantry and resolution, landing on the opposite shore, fled wildly from the awful scene of carnage; and half a winter's day served to destroy for ever those daring and organized battalions, to accomplish whose discipline and efficiency had occupied the lifetime, and employed unceasingly the energies of the old lion of the punjaub. had the master and founder of the sikh military power been spared, or his sagacity and political wisdom been inherited by any of his successors, this day of death would have been averted, or at least deferred to a succeeding generation. but the god of christians, sikh, and mahomedans, ordained it; and let the cavillers at our day's labour turn over the pages of the old[pg 238] testament, and study the military commission of joshua, before they exclaim against the catastrophe of sobraon.
sixty-seven pieces of cannon were abandoned by the enemy in their entrenchments, and round every gun in the batteries lay the golundauze, who had sworn to conquer or die, and had fulfilled their oath.
every trench was filled to the brim with sikh corpses, and the blood-stained area of the entrenchments told a fearful tale of massacre; but whilst that overgrown assemblage of lawless soldiery continued in existence, the punjaub or the british frontier could entertain no hope of permanent security. every sikh carcase which floated on the sutlej, or lay stiffening on the gory field of sobraon, was one obstacle removed to the re-establishment of order and good government; and with such an object in view, the destruction of the sikh army became a more imperative duty than the removal of any noxious or venomous animal which might lie in the path we are about to pursue.
the enemy's cavalry, and a few battalions of[pg 239] infantry, which had been posted in a threatening attitude at the fords of hureeka, when the result of the day became apparent, opened a harmless cannonade, from their nine pounder battery, on the british cavalry brigade (which had been placed to check any diversion in that quarter), and then departed, taking the route leading towards lahore.
before the sun had reached the horizon, not a vestige of that mighty host which had so long insulted our north-western frontier was to be seen, save a few dusky tents on the verge of the plain, and the lifeless bodies lying in the trenches of sobraon, the lawful inheritance of the vulture and jackals.
abundance of sikh ammunition and stores for carrying on the war, found in the works, were collected by our artillery and destroyed. to a late hour of the night of the 10th of february the explosion of these magazines caused the earth to tremble as with an earthquake, and sounded like the expiring echo of the thunders which had rolled in deafening peals throughout the morning.
[pg 240]
immediately the enemy had finally disappeared, parties were detached from each regiment to bury their dead, and the british army returned to the quarters which they had quitted on that memorable morning. the 10th of february brought no rest to our gallant chief, who hastened, after the enemy's defeat, to ferozepore, to direct the passage of the sutlej by sir john grey's division on that very night, when, it was natural to suppose, there was little likelihood of the sikh army taking any measures to oppose our progress. the pontoon train, under the direction of our engineers, was in readiness for this important movement, and the advanced guard of the army crossed without any accident on the bridge, which was finally completed within two days for the transit of the whole army.
the wounded on the british side had been better provided for than on any former occasion, although the number of soldiers who had been struck down caused a scarcity of conveyances. all were as speedily as possible removed into ferozepore, where the whole cantonment had[pg 241] been converted into a hospital, and every attention was bestowed which medical aid could afford or humanity suggest.
on the day following the action, many sikhs came across, unarmed, in search of their deceased comrades, and no interruption being offered to them in the discharge of these sacred duties, in a short time small fires were seen to arise on various parts of the field of battle, and many of the fallen warriors were consigned to the flames.
two days after the battle, the strange sight was witnessed of british and sikhs, hindoos and mussulmen, wandering indiscriminately over the field where all had so recently been engaged in mortal contest.
[pg 242]
return of killed, wounded, and missing, of the army of the sutlej, under the command of his excellency sir hugh gough, bart., g.c.b., in the action of sobraon, feb. 10th, 1846.
killed. wounded.
officers. n. c. officers. rank & file. officers. n. c. officers. rank & file. missing.
general staff 2
artillery 1 3 1 1 33
engineers 2 3 1 16
cavalry—
1st brigade:
h.m. 3rd lt. drag. 5 4 22
4th cavalry 5
5th ditto 10
9th irregulars
2nd brigade:
h.m. 9th lancers 1 1
2nd irregulars
3rd brigade:
h.m. 16th lancers.
body-guard.
3rd light cavalry.
1st infantry division—
staff 1 3
1st brigade:
h.m. 31st regt. 35 7 112
47th native infantry 1 7 4 64
2nd brigade:
h.m. 50th regt. 1 41 11 186
42nd native infantry 8 2 3 53
nusseeree battalion. 6 1 6 74
2nd division—
staff 2 3
3rd brigade:
h.m. 29th regt. 1 55 13 7 132
41st native infantry 2 14 8 8 100
68th ditto 1 10 2 3 67
4th brigade:
1st europeans 2 2 31 10 16 142
16th native infantry 6 2 23 123
sirmoor battalion 1 13 7 123
3rd division:—
staff 1
5th brigade:
h.m. 9th regt 5 1 2 26
26th native infantry 3 2 3 19
h.m. 62nd regt. 1 3 7 123
6th brigade:
h.m. 80th regt. 13 7 123
33rd native infantry 1 2 3 1 5 54
63rd ditto 1 2 3 5 26
7th brigade:
h.m. 10th regt. 1 1 29 2 2 98
43rd native infantry 7 2 9 85
59th ditto 4 1 7 53
h.m. 53rd regt. 1 7 8 1 104
[pg 243]
abstract:
13 officers, 3 native officers, 301 non-commissioned officers and rank and file, killed.
101 officers, 39 native officers, 1913 non-commissioned officers, and rank and file, wounded.
lascars, syces, and drivers, 3 killed, 10 wounded.
grand total of killed and wounded, 2383.
[pg 244]
nominal roll of officers killed and wounded at the battle of sobraon, feb. 10th, 1846.
killed.
artillery—
1st troop, 2nd brig. 1st lieut. h.j. faithful.
1st infantry division—
staff lieut hay.
h.m. 50th regt. " grimes.
2nd infantry division—
staff lieut.-col. c. taylor, brigadier.
" lieut. t.s. rawson.
1st europeans " shuttleworth.
" ensign f. hamilton.
sirmoor battalion capt. j. fisher.
3rd infantry division—
staff major-gen. sir r. dick, k.c.b., k.c.h.
h.m. 62nd regt. lieut. bartley.
33rd n.i. " playfair.
h.m. 10th regt. " w. beale.
h.m. 53rd regt. capt. warren.
wounded.
general staff lieut.-colonel gough, q.m.g., very severely.
" lieut.-col. barr, a.g., severely and dangerously.
artillery—
2nd troop, 2nd brig. brevet-major c. grant, slightly.
[pg 245] cavalry—
h.m. 3rd lt. drag. lieut. j.b. hawkes, slightly.
" " h.w. white, ditto.
" cornet kauntze, severely.
" quartermaster crabtree, slightly.
1st infantry division—
staff lieut. holdich, severely.
" lieut.-col. penny, ditto.
" capt. garvock, ditto.
h.m. 31st regt. lieut. law, ditto.
" " elmslie, ditto.
" " timbrell, dangerously.
" " gabbet, slightly.
" " h.g. tritton, mortally.
" ensign jones, severely.
" lieut. and adjt. bolton, ditto.
47th n.i. lieut. and adjt. renny, ditto.
" lieut. james, slightly.
" ensign walcot, ditto.
" " oyston, ditto.
h.m. 50th regt. lieut.-col. ryan, dangerously.
" bt.-lieut.-col. pettit, ditto.
" capt. g. tew, ditto.
" " bonham, ditto.
" " needham, ditto.
" " wilton, very severely.
" lieut. hough, severely.
" " j.g. smyth, ditto.
" " c. mouat, ditto.
" ensign slessor, slightly.
[pg 246] 42nd n.i. lieut. c. tottenham, ditto.
" major polwhele, slightly.
" lieut. macqueen, severely.
nusseeree battalion. capt. c. o'brien, ditto.
2nd infantry division—
staff major-gen. gilbert, slightly.
" lieut. f. gilbert, a.d.c., ditto.
" lieut.-col. maclaren, c.b., dangerously.
h.m. 29th regt. lieut. g.h. jones, very severely.
" capt. stepney, severely.
" " young, slightly.
" " murchison, ditto.
" lieut. henry, severely.
" " duncan, ditto.
" " w. kirby, very severely.
" " c. macdonnel, severely.
" " walker, slightly.
" " st. g. nugent, severely.
" " g. henderson, contusion.
" " scudamore, severely.
" ensign mitchell, very severely.
1st europeans capt. magnay, severely.
" lieut. patullo, ditto.
" " lambert, ditto.
" " dennis, ditto.
" " hume, dangerously.
" " staples, slightly.
" ensign palmer, ditto.
" " davidson, mortally (dead).
" " innes, slightly.
[pg 247] sirmoor battalion lieut. beatson, severely.
16th n.i. capt. balderston, ditto.
" ensign hodson, slightly.
41st n.i. capt. halford, severely.
" " cumberlege, ditto.
" lieut. j. stephen, slightly.
" " onslow, ditto.
" " kemble, ditto.
" ensign scatchard, mortally (dead).
" " aikman, slightly.
" " j. bennet, ditto.
68th n.i. lieut. robertson, slightly.
" ensign dorin, ditto.
3rd infantry division—
h.m. 9th regt lieut. daunt, slightly.
26th n.i. lieut. mackenzie, severely.
" ensign r. white, slightly.
h.m. 62nd regt. lieut. haviland, severely.
h.m. 80th regt. capt. cookson, slightly.
" lieut. crawley, severely.
" " kingsley, ditto.
" ensign wandesford, ditto.
33rd n.i. lieut. tulloh, ditto.
63rd n.i. capt. ormsby, ditto.
" lieut. morrison, slightly.
" ensign barber, ditto.
h.m. 10th regt. lieut. r. evans, ditto.
" " c. lindham, ditto.
43rd n.i. capt. lyell, very severely.
" ensign munro, severely.
59th n.i. lieut. h. lumsden, ditto.
[pg 248] h.m. 53rd regt. capt. smart, severely.
" lieut. chester, ditto.
" " stokes, ditto.
" ensign dunning, ditto.
" lieut.-col. gold, slightly.
" lieut. breton, ditto.
" lieut. clarke, severely.
" ensign lucas, slightly.
(signed) p. grant,
d.a. gen. of the army.
(sixty-seven pieces of artillery captured, of which no official description is published.)
