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中国文学里的“罗密欧与朱丽叶”——吴宓对《红楼梦》故事的英译

吴学昭

我父亲吴宓一生,似与《红楼梦》一书 (父亲始终认为此书开宗明义,应正名曰《石头记》,《红楼梦》乃其俗称。笔者从俗。)有不解之缘。1907年寒假吴宓在故乡家中守祖母之丧,嗣父仲旗公由新疆辞职归来守丧,所带回之行李中,有《增评补图石头记》一部,吴宓见之大喜,赶即阅读。并于夜间,伏衾中枕上,燃小煤油灯续读,故得于次年正月开学前读毕全书,并能依序背诵一百二十回的回目,及书中的许多诗词、对联。以后他又时时重读,内容极熟,体会愈深,于是《红楼梦》一书后来大大影响了他的思想、感情及生活。

1917年父亲留学美国,在所携不多的中国书籍中,即有《增评补图石头记》一部。

民国时期,父亲任教高校,得与许多中外学者畅论《红楼梦》;所编报刊,注重刊登各方研究《红楼梦》的进展与心得;教课与演讲中,亦常借取《红楼梦》书中之人物事实为例证以阐明一己之人生哲学。1939年元旦,更以英文作成a praise of the dream of the red chamber,据其研究西洋文学、哲学、艺术之所得,及个人之体会,对《红楼梦》一书作出全面的评论。其后译成中文,题名《石头记评赞》,登载1942年《旅行杂志》第十六卷第十一期。吴宓在昆明西南联合大学,还组织过一个专门研讨《石头记》的文学团体——石社,定期聚会讨论《石头记》。社员入社,须先交一篇阅读《石头记》的心得;如肯用自传体裁,把自己比作《石头记》中某一个人物,引伸譬解,夹叙夹议,写一篇短文,更受欢迎。石社在西南联大曾红火一时,师生社员们所作论文,由吴宓编为厚厚的《红楼梦研究集》上下两大册,摆放联大图书馆,供众阅览。吴宓在联大所作多次《红楼梦讲谈》的讲稿,亦均收入该集。十分可惜的是,1946年5月,西南联大结束,北大、清华、南开三校分别复员,迁移平津;此二册《红楼梦研究集》不知流散何方,迄今下落不明。

新中国成立以后,除了自我检讨和接受批判,吴宓已很少公开谈论《红楼梦》,但个人研究与反复阅读,从未中止,在日记及零星册页中均有记述。

我父亲命途多舛,生前虽撰有大量关于《红楼梦》的文章、笔记及讲演稿,然而由于战乱和解放后的历次政治运动,焚书、搜缴、抄家、批斗、关押……文稿丧失殆尽。父亲平反昭雪后,家人虽竭尽全力搜寻,所得甚微;以至父亲去世后多年,我们无法将他关于《红楼梦》的著作译述结集出版,留为纪念。只有继续努力搜寻,亦盼知情的仁人君子帮助提供线索,玉成此举。

根据《吴宓自编年谱》,家人从中美有关档案中寻见:吴宓1921年2月下旬以英文所撰the dream of the red chamber一文,简单译述《红楼梦》全书的大旨及故事纲要;在美国报纸档案中,觅得1921年2月27日的《波士顿星期日邮报》boston sunday post,该报于当日第40版刊载吴宓英译《红楼梦》的爱情故事,被称为“中国文学的罗密欧与朱丽叶”……这就使他曾于《自编年谱》中提到的在美评论、译介《红楼梦》的两次活动,(一是1919年3月2日,应波城中国学生会之请,在哈佛演讲《红楼梦新谈》;二是中国留学生于1921年2月28日举行为华北水灾募捐晚会,义演哑剧《红楼梦》故事片段,吴宓为此所作的对外宣传。)尤其第二次所作关于《红楼梦》的英文译介内容补充齐全,缘由过程清晰可见。

据《吴宓自编年谱》,“1921二月二十八日,波城之中国留学生,举行晚会(备有茶点及音乐),专为招待波城之富豪、巨商,及将前往中国商议财政之要员。具体目的,在为中国民国九年之华北水灾募捐、筹赈,欲得其助力也”。中国女留学生所筹备的晚会节目,有《红楼梦》哑剧(pantomime),用中国人的服装、动作,表演《红楼梦》的故事纲要。(剧中男子如贾政、宝玉等,亦全由女生扮演。)此晚会的英文节目单及哑剧的英文说明书,特派吴宓撰成、付印。中国学生会犹恐不足,更于晚会前数日,派吴宓去《波士顿星期日邮报》(boston sunday post)社洽谈,助吾人宣传。吴宓持介绍函及其自有的《增评补图石头记》一部,至报社,与社员(报社编辑人员)某谈商。某聆吴宓口述而笔录。最后某要求吴宓选《石头记》书中“最热烈的爱情场面”(a love-scene),逐字逐句直译出原文,而彼写录。吴宓只得以晴雯临终,宝玉往访一段应之。以上均于1921年2月27日的《波士顿星期日邮报》第40版中刊出。

兹将吴宓1921年2月下旬所撰the dream of the red chamber,以及1921年2月27日《波士顿星期日邮报》所刊吴宓对《红楼梦》故事的译述刊布如下,以飨读者。为方便读者阅读,特将全文译为中文,并将原文附于译文之后。

红楼梦[1]

中国学生在1921年2月28日为募捐筹赈中国饥荒表演的节目之一, 哑剧“破碎的爱”,是根据《红楼梦》改编成戏的。从受欢迎的程度和艺术的观点来看,《红楼梦》都是中国所有小说中最伟大的一部。剑桥大学翟理斯[2]教授在他的《中国文学史》中曾就此书做过简短的介绍:《红楼梦》涵括有名字的男性人物235位,女性人物213位(没有名字的人物尚未计算在内);此书的篇幅比理查逊的《克拉丽莎》[3]还长很多。《红楼梦》由乔利[4]于1892年翻译成英文, 但他只翻译了120回中的52回[5],从未译完整部书。

《红楼梦》写于18世纪晚期,它完整与真实地描绘出当时生活与社会图景。但它的情景着重落在一座贵族府邸上,以市井生活和乡村生活作陪衬。 它的主要情节是围绕贵族的儿子与孤儿表妹间的爱情故事。书中年轻的男主人翁是一位诗才平平的诗人,他是(像哈姆雷特)“时流的明镜,人伦的雅范,举世瞩目的中心”;他的信念如同济慈[6]所言“美即是真,真即是美”;在他奢华舒适的家里,所有一切都使他感到无法排遣的倦怠;他不喜欢学习及一切俗务;他能说出各种富有新意的警句名言,如(1) “男人是泥做的骨肉,女人是水做的骨肉”——这句令人想起柏拉图的话;(2)“女人纯洁,美丽,有吸引力;而男人肮脏,沉重和无聊”;(3)“当我遭受先生痛打时, 我姐姐妹妹地乱喊着,立刻就不感觉疼了。”女主人翁,他的孤儿表妹是位有造诣的诗人和音乐家,她迷人、美丽、聪慧,但脆弱而忧郁。虽然两位年轻人彼此深爱, 但由于家长的意愿,反复无常的机缘,形形色色的家族谋算及其施加的影响, 他不能娶她。当他病重在床,并暂时精神错乱时,他被动地履行了婚姻仪式;直到婚礼完成,他才发现新娘不是他的表妹, 而是另一位女士。 就在婚礼举行的同时, 不幸的女主人翁撒手人寰。不久之后, 年轻的男主人翁弃世而去, 抛弃了他的家,抛弃了他的妻子,出家当了和尚,从此不知所踪。

除了主要情节外,书中还有许多非主线的爱情故事,展现了性情各异的男女,在不同境遇下的爱情——举例而言,举止俏皮风流,但其实品行贞洁的丫鬟,临死前拉着恋慕的人亦是主人的手哭道:“与其担了坏人的虚名,不如真的做个坏人!”男女主人翁爱情故事发展的每一步都与这座贵族府邸的兴衰紧密相连;这部书不仅是真实的历史文献,而且是一面镜子,映射的是一个由荣至衰的国家、社会、时代。

但《红楼梦》主要还是一个爱情故事,如同所有中国的爱情故事,其传达的爱情理念就是忠贞——“见异思迁,并非真爱”。中国式的爱情理想,体现在小说和戏剧中,即是爱之坚贞不渝及忠贞不贰。在权力,财富或死亡使爱侣无法真正结合时,恋人会欣然信守终身不嫁不娶,死生契阔的誓言。任何折磨和死亡的威胁,地位和财富的诱惑,对孤独的恐惧,甚至来自另一位绝色美人的吸引,都无以破坏和改变一个人的真爱。贞操不是强制性的美德,而是爱的真实象征、体现和证明。徒有皮囊而无精神的契合,不足以生爱。 肉体的吸引和邂逅只是色欲。爱庄严神圣,爱弥足珍贵。 爱情故事并不是老生常谈的儿女之情,而是有选择性、理想化、有价值的浪漫感情,这样的理念再次在《红楼梦》中得到体现和阐释。

波士顿星期日邮报

(1921年2月27日第40页)

中国恋人的奉献精神

波士顿各院校的中国留学生将展示中国恋人的奉献精神是如何长久不变的。

他们为赈济中国饥荒基金募捐,将于明晚演出一个神圣的爱情故事,中国文学里的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。

图为1921年2月27日的美国《波士顿星期日邮报》第40版版面

该剧根据中国的萨克雷[7]——曹雪芹所著的小说《红楼梦》改编。

一名哈佛大学的中国学生在这里首次将其翻译成英文,这是所有最伟大的中国爱情故事中最震撼的一节。

图为在浪漫哑剧中扮演主要角色的中国留学生

图为《波士顿星期日邮报》编辑为吴宓英译《红楼梦》故事之一折剧 《丫鬟的最后的时日》所作的编者按语

以下是吴宓先生的翻译[8]。

“丫鬟的最后的时日”[9]

(改编自曹雪芹的《红楼梦》)

人物介绍:

贾宝玉:一位贵族少爷, 17岁,与丫鬟晴雯相爱

吴晴雯:宝玉家的丫鬟, 刚因受诬勾引少爷而被撵出宝玉家

吴太太:晴雯的嫂子, 一个犹如现代荡妇的女人, 她根本就不在乎小姑子,企图勾引宝玉

时间——九月的一个傍晚

地点——北京吴氏院内

场景 ——吴氏院内的一间屋子

(宝玉看到晴雯躺在芦席上睡着了, 但当他含泪俯身看她时, 她醒了)

晴雯(用一只手肘强撑着起来)—— 我只当再也见不到你了。阿弥陀佛,你来得正好。且替我倒些茶,拿来给我。 渴了这半日,叫了半天半个人也叫不着。

宝玉(四下环顾)——茶壶在哪儿?

晴雯(以手指示意)—— 那炉台上就是。

(宝玉用自己的丝帕擦拭腌臜的茶杯, 倒了茶, 递给晴雯。 她一气儿都灌下去了)

宝玉(温柔地)—— 你有什么说的,趁没人告诉我。

晴雯(抽泣)——有什么可说的! 我只是在等死, 不过是挨一刻是一刻,挨一日是一日。我知道我横竖熬不过三五天光景,然后就得走了。 只有一事,我死也不甘心。我虽生的比别的丫鬟略好些,但并没有私情密意勾引你,如何一口死咬定我做错了,说我是“狐狸精”?早知如此,当日我还不如随了你。我与其担了坏人的虚名,不如真的做个坏人!我的心碎了。

(晴雯抬起手,一口咬下两根她引以为矜的玉葱指甲。她把指甲交给宝玉留作纪念。然后她在被窝内,连揪带脱,褪下最贴身的红绫小袄,递给宝玉。 宝玉躲在屏风后,解开衣扣, 脱下自己的袄儿,穿上晴雯给他的红绫小袄。怕被人发现,他匆匆忙忙地扣上外衣的扣子, 回到晴雯的床边, 把自己的袄儿放在她身上。他这样做的时候, 晴雯睁开眼,抬头看他)

晴雯(虚弱地)—— 来, 扶我坐起来。

(宝玉照办,晴雯半坐着,抓住宝玉放在她床上的袄儿,穿在身上。宝玉将指甲放进口袋里)

晴雯(躺回枕头上)——你快走吧!这里太脏了, 你哪里受得了。 你的身子要紧。你今日这一来,我就死了也不枉担了虚名!

吴太太(笑嘻嘻进来)—— 雯,你两个的话,我都听见了!

吴太太(冲着宝玉)—— 你一个做主子的,跑到下人房来做什么?敢是来调戏我的吗?

宝玉(非常激动)—— 好姐姐,快别这么大声的。晴雯忠心耿耿地服侍我一场,我想再瞧瞧她。

吴太太(轻蔑地笑道)—— 怨不得人家都说你是个多情人儿!

(她拉着宝玉,将他拖进自己的屋里)

吴太太——你要不叫我嚷嚷,说出今天你俩之间的丑事儿,只消依了我一件事。

(她把宝玉推得跪下)

宝玉(又怕又臊)——好姐姐,别闹。

吴太太(大笑)—— 我们总听说你对朋友有情有义儿的。

宝玉(央求)—— 好姐姐, 放开我。被人发现了,对你没好处。

吴太太(抓着宝玉不放)——我早溜进来了,故意打发走了老妈子,好只剩下我们俩。我等什么似的,今儿可等着了你。你若不依了我,我就让下人们都知道,你来看过晴雯,都做了些什么勾当。 但你不像人们所说的那样,是个轻薄人儿。我在窗下细听你和晴雯的对话,我只道你有些个体己话要对她说,但没想到你们竟各不相扰。

(宝玉拼命试图挣脱, 最终当听到晴雯朋友进屋才得以脱身)

(幕落)

几天后, 宝玉随父亲探亲时,晴雯因心碎而死去。死讯被报给宝玉的母亲,王夫人没有按惯例发给埋葬丫鬟的钱,而是下令烧掉晴雯的尸首, 并将骨灰撒了。她仍然坚信,这个丫鬟曾勾引过宝玉,所以死后也应得到惩罚。

宝玉得知晴雯已经死了,万分悲痛,他在晴雯送他的丝帕上题了一首美丽的诗。宝玉将这块丝帕烧了,他相信,悼文会乘着风的翅膀飞向天堂, 抵达爱人的魂灵。

中国式的爱情理想,体现在小说和戏剧中,即是爱之坚贞不渝及忠贞不贰。当权力、财富或死亡使男女主人公无法真正结合时,他们会欣然信守终身不嫁不娶、死生契阔的誓言。即便是来自另一位妖艳如斯,被美国人称之为荡妇的美人,都无法破坏和改变宝玉对晴雯的真爱。

the dream of the red chamber

one item in the program furnished by the chinese students in the entertainment to be given on feb.28th, 1921 for the benefit of the china famine relief, “the shattered love: a pantomime”, is adapted and dramatized from the “the dream of the red chamber” which is the greatest of all chinese novels, both from the popular and the artistic point of view.professor h.a.giles of cambridge gave a brief summary of this work in his “short history of chinese literature”.this novel contains 235 male characters and 213 female characters with names (the characters without names not being counted here); it is even much longer than richardson’s “clarissa harlowe”.it has been translated into english by h.bencraft joly in 1892; but he translated only 52 out of the 120 chapters in the book, and never finished the work.

written in the late 18th century, this novel presents a complete and realistic picture of the life and society of the time.but its scenes are chiefly laid in a nobleman’s house, with side-lights into the life of the street and the country.its main plot is a love-story between the nobleman’s son and his orphan cousin.the young hero is a dilettantish poet, who was ( like hamlet ) “the glass of fashion and the mold of form, the observed of all observers”; who had faith only in the saying of keats“ beauty is truth, truth beauty”; who felt all the irrelievable ennui in his rich and comfortable home; who disliked study and all practical affairs; and who uttered all sorts of original epigrams such as (1) suggestive of plato, “man is made of mud; woman is made of water”; (2)“woman is pure, beautiful, and attractive; while man is dirty, heavy and boresome”; (3) “when i suffered beating from my tutor, i cried girls and at once i felt no pain”.the heroine, the orphan girl, is a highly accomplished poetess and musician, who is fascinating, beautiful, quick-witted, but fragile and melancholy.though these young people loved each other heart and soul, the wish of parents, the caprice of chance, and all sorts of family intrigues and influences determined that he was not to wed her.while he was very sick in body and temporarily deranged in mind, he was made to go through the performance of matrimonial rites; and it was only when the wedding was an accomplished act, that he could discover that the bride was not his cousin but another lady.in the very hour in which the wedding took place, the unfortunate heroine had died.after a while, the young man forsook the world, his family, and his wife, and went to be a buddhist monk wandering forever where he was not to be found.

besides the main plot, there are many minor love-stories, showing the varied manifestations of love in men and women of all sorts of temperaments and conditions— for example, the sprightly but chaste chambermaid, who at the moment of death was holding the hand of her lover and master and cried: “it is better to be vile than vile esteemed”! connected with the progress of the hero and heroine’s love story at every step, is the rise and fall of the fortune of the house; and therein the book is not only authentic historical document, but the mirror of a state, a society, or an age, in its brilliant decadence.

but “the dream of the red chamber” is primarily a love- story; and like all chinese love-stories, its gospel of love is constancy-“love is not love which alters when it alteration finds”.the chinese ideal of love, as reflected in drama and fiction, is the endurance of one’s love through time and its concentration on one person.where power, fortune or death has made an actual marriage between them impossible, the lovers would with all gladness observe the vows of lifelong celibacy and eternal union in the spirit.no threats of torture and death, no allures of rank and wealth, no fear of solitariness, not even the attraction of another surpassing beauty, should break and change one’s true love.chastity is not an enforced virtue, but a genuine symbol and proof and expression of love.beauty without harmony of mind and spirit could not call forth love.physical attraction and chance acquaintance is only lust.love is sacred; love is rare.and a love-story is not a commonplace narration of a jack and his jill, but a selective and idealized worthy romance.such a conception is once more embodied and illustrated in “the dream of the red chamber”.

boston sunday post

feb.27, 1921 page 40

the devotion of lovers in china

chinese students at the colleges here are going to show how constant it is.

they are going to present a celestial love story, the “romeo and juliet” of chinese literature, tomorrow evening, for the benefit of the china famine relief fund.

the play is dramatized from the novel, “the dream of the red chamber”, by hsieh-chin tsao, the thackeray of china.

and here, translated into english for the first time, by a chinese student at harvard university, is the most powerful episode of this greatest of all chinese love stories.

the translation was rendered by mr.m.wu.

“the days of the chambermaid”

(from the dream of the red chamber, by hsieh-chin tsao)

the characters:

pao-yu ka - son of a nobleman, age 17, in love with his chambermaid, chin-wen wu.

chin-wen wu - chambermaid at the home of pao-yu ka, who has just been dismissed on the false charge that she made affection advances to the young lord.

mrs.wu - wife of chin-wen wu’s elder brother, a woman likened to the modern “vamp”, who cares little for her sister-in-law, and attempts to lead pao-yu ka into temptation.

time - an evening in september just after sunset.

place - interior of the home of mrs.wu in peking.

scene - a room in the house.

(pao-yu finds chin-wen lying on a bed of loose straw, asleep, but she awakes as he bends over her with tears in his eyes)

chin-wen (raising herself on one elbow) - i thought i should never see you again.thanks to god, you come just at the right moment.please pour out some tea and give it to me.i am very thirsty.i have been calling out for someone to help me for a long time, but no one has answered.

pao-yu (looking around) - where is the teapot?

chin - wen (pointing) - on the fire.

(pao-yu wipes the dirty teacup with his silk handkerchief, pours the tea and gives it to chin-wen.she drinks it at one draught.)

pao - yu (tenderly) - now we are alone.tell me what you wish to say.

chin - wen (sobbing) - i have nothing to tell you.i am merely waiting for death, moment by moment and days by days.i know i cannot endure such suffering more than three or four days longer.then i will find paradise.only one thing disturbs my mind and prevents my dying in peace.although i am more beautiful than the other maids in your household, i have never made love to you, nor induced you to show my affection.why should they charge me as they have and dismiss me? how could they be sure that i have done wrong and say that i am like a fox? had i known that such accusations would have been made against me, i would not have resisted you.it is better to be vile than vile esteemed.my heart breaks.

(chin-wen puts her hand up to her mouth and bites off two of the long fingernails that distinguish her as a girl of culture and refinement.she gives the fingernails to pao-yu to keep as mementos of her.then, with wriggling motions under the bed coverings, she slips off the red silk shirt that has been closest to her heart of all her garments, and this also she gives to pao-yu.retiring behind a screen pao-yu unbuttons his own clothing, takes off his own shirt and puts on that which chin-wen has given him.fearing that he will be discovered, he buttons only his outer garments hurriedly, and advancing to chin-wen’s rough bed, places his shirt over the sick girl.while he is doing this, chin-wen opens her eyes and looks up at him.)

chin-wen (weakly) -come, help me to sit up.

(pao-yu does so, and chin-wen in a half sitting position, grasps the shirt the young nobleman placed on her bed and puts it on.pao-yu puts the fingernails in his pocket.)

chin - wen (lying back on her pillow) - now, you go.it is so dirty here, you cannot endure it.your health is important.i am glad you have come today.now i can die happy, though i have been falsely accused of wrongdoing with you.

mrs.wu (entering, smiling) - wen, i have overheard all that has passed between you two.

mrs.wu (to pao-yu) - you are our master.why have you come to the home of a maid? is it because you want to play with me?

pao - yu (greatly agitated) - good sister, don’t speak so loud.chin-wen has been serving me so faithfully for so many years that i wanted to see her once more.

mrs.wu (laughing scornfully) - it is not strange that all people say that you are full of love and sentiment.

(she grasps pao-yu by the hand and draws the boy into her own room.)

mrs.wu - there is one way that you can prevent me from telling what has passed between yourself and chin-wen today.grant me wish and i shall be silent.

(she pushes pao-yu down upon his knees.)

pao - yu (frightened and ashamed) - please don’t, good sister.

mrs.wu (laughing) - we have always heard that you are devoted to your friends.

pao - yu (entreating) - good sister, let me go.if we are discovered it will do you no good.

mrs.wu (still holding the boy) - i slipped into the house some time ago and purposely sent away the old woman who works for me that i might have you all to myself.for a long while i have been trying to catch you and today i have succeeded.if you don’t grant my wish i will let your people know all about your visit and actions with chin-wen.you are not so forward with young girls as people say.i was listening at the window and heard your conversation with chin-wen.i had thought you would have many things to say to your love, but you kept your distance.

(pao-yu tries desperately to free himself and finally succeeds when a friend of chin-wen is heard coming into the house.)

(curtain.)

a few days later while pao - yu is visiting relatives with his father, chin-wen dies of a broken heart.the fact is reported to pao-yu’s mother, and instead of granting any money for the burial of the maid as was the custom, the lady orders that the body of chin-wen shall be burned and the ashes scattered to the winds, for she is still convinced that the chambermaid had attempted to win the love of pao-yu, and deserved such punishment even after death.

when he finds out that chin-wen is dead, pao-yu is much grieved, and writes a beautiful poem to the maid on a silk handkerchief which she had given him.this he burns, believing that the contents of the tribute will be carried to paradise on the wings of the wind, and so reach the spirit of his sweetheart.

the chinese ideal of love, as reflected in this romantic and dramatic episode, is the endurance of one’s love through time, and its concentration on one person.

where power, fortune or death has made an actual marriage between the two principals impossible, they gladly observe the laws of celibacy and eternal union in the spirit.not even the attraction of another surpassing beauty, a “vamp” as she would be called in america, could break or change pao-yu’s devotion for chin-wen.

* * *

[1] 本文作于1921年2月下旬,简述《红楼梦》全书之大旨及故事纲要。

[2] 翟理斯herbert allen giles (1845—1935),英国汉学家,为威妥玛—翟理斯汉语罗马字拼音系统创制人之一。曾就学查特豪斯公学,1867—1892年在英国驻中国领事馆工作,返英后于1897年继威妥玛任剑桥大学汉语教授。译著有《汉语无师自通》、《聊斋志异》、《中国文学史》、《中国的文明》等。

[3] 英国小说家塞缪尔·理查逊 samuel richardson (1689—1761)的著名小说《克拉丽莎》,又名《一位青年妇女的故事》。该书长达七卷100万字,写少女克拉丽莎为逃避家长包办婚姻,落入贵族阔少洛夫莱斯之手,遭强奸,最后饮恨而死。

[4] 乔利 h · bencraft joly (1857—1898) ,英国领事官。1880年来华,在英驻华使馆学习汉语。后来在各埠任领事职。1892年将《红楼梦》的一部分译成英文。

[5] 乔利所译《红楼梦》,实际至1894年已译有56回,后以患疾,未再续译。

[6] 约翰·济慈john keats(1795—1821),英国浪漫主义诗人。

[7] 威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷william makepeace thackeray(1811—1863),英国著名小说家,擅写英国资产阶级的风俗人情,尤其揭示上流社会的阴暗面。

[8] 以上为《波士顿星期日邮报》编者为该文所作的按语。

[9] 1921年2月28日,美国波士顿地区各院校的中国留学生为赈济华北水灾举行募捐晚会,本文乃吴宓晚会上演出的哑剧——《红楼梦》故事的一折《丫鬟的最后的时日》所作英语译述的剧情介绍。

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